Role of Women Entrepreneurs in Agricultural Development...

Theme No. 7 Capacity building for encashing technological options and Entrepreneurial Opportunities Role of Women Entrepreneurs in Agricultural Development: Problems and Prospects Dr. C.S Arneja and Gaganpreet Kaur Dept. of Extension Education Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. ABSTRACT The emergence of entrepreneurs in agriculture and allied activities can propel our rural population into self sustaining individuals, who in turn can catalyze the development of economy. The concepts of entrepreneur and entrepreneurship have been frequently applied to industrial sector. Agriculture, on the other hand, has largely been viewed as non-entrepreneurial traditional activity. For rural folk it is a way for life. Hence farmers were never†¦show more content†¦Indian women business owners are changing the face of businesses of today, both literally and figuratively. The dynamic growth and expansion of women-owned businesses is one of the defining trends of the past decade, and all indications are that it will continue unabated. For more than a decade, the number of women-owned businesses has grown at one-and-a-half to two times the rate of all businesses. Even more important, the expansion in revenues and employment has far exceeded the growth in numbers. The various types of women entrepreneurs are: †¢ Women entrepreneurs in organized unorganized sector †¢ Women entrepreneurs in traditional modern industries †¢ Women entrepreneurs in urban rural areas †¢ Women entrepreneurs in large scale and small scale industries. †¢ Single women and joint venture entrepreneurs. Different categories of women entrepreneurs in practice in India are: Category-I – Established in big cities – Having higher level technical professional qualifications – Non traditional Items – Sound financial positions Category-II – Established in cities and towns – Having sufficient education – Both traditional and non traditional items – Undertaking women services-kindergarten, crà ¨ches, beauty parlors, health clinic etc Category-III – Illiterate women – Financially week – Involved in family business such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries, Agro Forestry, Handloom, Power loom etc. Status ofShow MoreRelatedRole Of Entrepreneurs For Promoting Agribusiness1659 Words   |  7 PagesROLE OF ENTREPRENEURS IN PROMOTING AGRIBUSINESS IN INDIA 1Mr. Raghavendra Hajgolkar, ICSSR Doctoral Fellow, Department of Studies in Economics, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi - 591156 (Karnataka), India. Email: raghvendra59@gmail.com 2Dr. Talwar Sabanna, Professor and Dean, School of Business and Economics, Department of Studies in Economics, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi-591156 (Karnataka), India. ABSTRACT Commercialization of agriculture is possible by performing agribusiness activitiesRead MoreProblems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in Beauty Parlour: a Study in Sylhet.2684 Words   |  11 Pageson: Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in Beauty Parlour: A Study in Sylhet. Shahjalal University of Science Technology Department of Business Administration Executive Summary Recognition of the need of women entrepreneurship has grown considerably in Bangladesh over the recent years. Because of the recognition, more supportive environment has been created for the women and more and more women entrepreneursRead MoreA Report On Singapore s Smes Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesemployment in the private sector SMEs also promote economic growth in Singapore. According to Doh (1993), SMEs play a significant role in transitioning the agricultural led economy of Singapore into an industrial one, thus furnishing the plain opportunities for the processing activities which can generate a sustainable source of revenue and hence enhance the development process. SMEs help in the absorption of productive resources at all the levels of the economy and create flexible economic systemsRead MoreAp Pertinent Questions Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagessalvation. This message affected women because church membership became dominantly female as a result. This was because women were more numerous in certain regions than men. Their marriage prospects diminished and their futures were plagued with uncertainty when men left who were struck on their own and moved west, while women had no choice but to stay. Some women discovered in religion a foundation on which to build their lives, but women came to play import ant roles with charitable activities ministeringRead MoreChallenges and Opportunities of Rural Micro Enterprise in Malaysia5086 Words   |  21 Pagesliterature and mostly the wave on interest is on the role of entrepreneurship in economic growth literature. This paper aims to highlight in the perspective of micro enterprise. It explores the experience of rural micro enterprise (RME) entrepreneurs in Malaysia with reference to a preliminary survey conducted in Centre of Perak. In the study, 30 rural micro enterprises entrepreneurs were interviewed. The study finds that RMEs in the area play supporting role in the household economy. Common characteristicsRead MoreWomen Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: a Case Study on Boutique Business10735 Words   |  43 PagesIntroduction 1.1 Introduction: Entrepreneurs are arguably the most important actors in our economy: the creators of new wealth and new jobs, the inventors of new products and services, and the revolutionizes of society and the economy. Yet despite their centrality, little is known about entrepreneurs: what motivates them, how they emerge, why they succeed. We know even less about who becomes an entrepreneur, and why. Women are one particularly understudied group of entrepreneurs. We know very little aboutRead MoreChallenges of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh6227 Words   |  25 PagesChallenges of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh Despite all their family and social problems, women have struggled hard to achieve their own identity. Women from all classes of Bangladesh want to stand up before everyone in their own right and not as someones daughter or wife. Women can be a very caring homemaker, but at the same time she can prove to be a highly skilled Entrepreneur, an efficient employee, an administrator if they choose to be. Realizing that the advancement of women can not be preventedRead MoreProspects and Challenges of Rural Marketing in India3908 Words   |  16 Pagesâ€Å"PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES FOR ENTERING INTO RURAL MARKET WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HUL AND ITC† By Mrs. Madhulika Dutta Mrs. Megha Bhatia Assistant Professor Sr.Lecturer Department of Management Studies Department of Management StudiesRead MoreProblems and Prospects of Poultry Industry in Bangladesh6899 Words   |  28 Pages1 Problems and Prospects of Poultry Industry in Bangladesh: An Analysis Muhammad Mahboob Ali * Md. Moulude Hossain** - Abstract: The poultry industry has been successfully becoming a leading industry of Bangladesh. The primary objective of the study is to identify the various aspect relating the growth and sustainability of poultry industry in Bangladesh. Authors’ argued that strategic management in poultry sector requires complementing to achieve present Govt.’s vision of Digital Bangladesh 2021Read MoreProblems and Prospects of MIS in Bangladesh6554 Words   |  27 Pages Problems and Prospects of MIS in Bangladesh --------- A perspective study on SME Declaration 21st December,2011 Md. Rahimullah Miah Lecturer Dept. of Business Administration Leading University,Sylhet. Subject: Submission of report on â€Å"Problems and Prospects of

Effect of Broken Homes on the in Society - 6232 Words

EFFECT OF BROKEN HOMES ON THE SOCIETY A CASE STUDY OF AMUKOKO COMMUNITY IN AJEROMI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE ABSTRACT This paper is a report of the study that examined the effect of broken homes on the society. The sample for the study consisted of inhabitants of the randomly selected families in the neighbourhoods’ of Amukoko community. The adapted form of Guidance and Counselling Achievement Grade Form was used for data collection and the data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using the t-test statistical method. The three null hypotheses formulated were tested at .05 level of significance. The results showed that significant differences existed between the delinquent behaviour of†¦show more content†¦Broken home can be prevented by educating to study each other before going into marriage and not to rush into it. Also, both parents should endure each other in a situation where there is poor socioeconomic status. Also the wives should try and respect their husband and avoid disrupting situation. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The statement of the problem is therefore stated thus, to what limit do broken homes causes by separating divorced or death of parents affects both children’s academic performance as well as adulthood career achievements. The children social life could also be affected because they became a problem to their society juvenile delinquency, introvert, behavioural disorder etc. that is a sociological deficiency. 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this research is an attempt to find out the effect of broken home on the society. Also, it looks at some of the causes and how to know and compare the percentage of people most especially children from broken home to that of stable home in the society. Another objective of the study is to ascertain the following questions? i. Does lack of parental care, affection and love affect children’s’ behaviour and response to societal norms and values? ii. Can a broken home affect the academic achievement of children? iii. Does lack of parental security affect the society? iv. Does lack of parental discipline affect children when they become adult? 1.4 REVIEWS ON RELATED LITERATURE The brokenShow MoreRelatedEffect of Broken Home on the Academic Performance Among Student S in Secondary School614 Words   |  3 Pagessignificance of the study, scope and delimitation of the study, and the definition of term. A. Background of the Study Family is the basic unit of society.    This is the most important component of a country. A home is where a family lives. It may be alternated    to the word ‘house’ but a house is more appropriately    referring to the material structure, whereas ‘home’ refers to the intangible things that bind together the family members. It is the immeasurable love and care that keeps together the motherRead MoreChild Shift1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe article entitled â€Å"Children Caught in the Crossfire† explores the effects of proper and dysfunctional parenting on Caribbean children. This article identifies dysfunctional homes that foster improper parenting and the impact of psychological and physical absence of parents on their children. It also assesses the consequences of â€Å"child shifting† on affected children. The social impairments of children suffering from â€Å"child shifting† were cross-examined with the various parenting sty les they wouldRead MoreThe Anti-Divorce Movement: a Persuasion Paper1268 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades, divorce has become ever more prelivant in society. Studies conclude that less than one-third of all marriages end in divorce. The effects of divorce can be very devastating, especially when children are involved. Everyone who has ever listened to the news has heard the dismal statistics of adolescents coming from broken homes. The statistics showing the effects of a fatherless household includes: †¢ 63% of youth suicides are from fatherless homes (U.S.D.H.H.S., Bureau of the Census) †¢ 90% ofRead MoreSocieties Judgment on Limited English Proficiency600 Words   |  3 PagesSocieties Judgment on Limited English Proficiency Society judges civilians based on looks, social status, class and many other ways. One way society places judgment on civilians is by criticizing how they speak or write. This judgment has consequences on individuals who have not mastered the English language, such as limited opportunities and being socially awkward. In â€Å"Mother Tongue,† Amy Tan discusses the struggles of speaking â€Å"Broken† English, consequently leading to judgment. Individuals sometimesRead MoreThe Broken Windows, Zero Tolerance, And Problem Oriented Policing952 Words   |  4 Pagespolicing strategies known as, broken windows, zero tolerance, and problem oriented policing. Each of these strategies have both their pros and cons throughout this paper I will be describing each of these strategies along with discussing a few articles in relation to these strategies. In light of the recent tension between law enforcement and the community, specifically minorities ill also be discussing how these strategies have either helped or hurt communities. The broken windows theory, originallyRead More Divorce is a Life Changing Experience Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesTraditionally, two people speak these words on their wedding day, the day that two become one, the day that two people begin a life together and share an unbreakable union. This may be so in some cases but not all. Divorce among Americans is rampant. In society today divorces are as common as marriages themselves. Couples meet, date, fall in love, marry, and have children and then one day: Wham! Something is just not right with the relationship anymore, so they opt for the easy way out, the big D. TheyRead MoreThe Social Ills Of Caribbean Society1349 Words   |  6 Pagesunderpins the social ills in Caribbean society†. Discuss in relation to the relevant theoretical perspectives and the traditional and emergent role of the family in the contemporary Caribbean. The family has been described as the cornerstone of society. Denise Fyffe puts it as the birthplace of society and is the most basic economical, political, and social unit. In fact, anthropological studies have indicated that the family has existed in every known society. Based on evidence gathered by GeorgeRead MoreDivorce a Life Changing Experience Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesTraditionally, two people speak these words on their wedding day, the day that two become one, the day that two people begin a life together and share an unbreakable union. This may be so in some cases but not all. Divorce among Americans is rampant. In society today divorces are as common as marriages themselves. Couples meet, date, fall in love, marry, and have children and then one day: Wham! Something is just not right with the relationship anymore, so they opt for the easy way out, the big D. TheyRead MoreAnalysis Of Daughter From Danang 1272 Words   |  6 Pagesturn, these statuses begin hav ing an effect on the groups they encompass, causing some groups to become dominate over others and shaping the hierarchy of their society. Once established, these statuses begin to intertwine and influence one another, along with space and time, which is called intersections. These intersections work together to further shape our experiences and hierarchies within every society. The intersections between these spheres are further broken down into multiple types, and eachRead MoreSituational And Situational Crime Prevention Theory1454 Words   |  6 Pagesshame. Fifth, by lessening the environment provocations. Crime prevention through environmental design is another approach of situational crime prevention that include designing or redesigning a physical space to offer fewer opportunities for crimes. Broken windows theory’s central concept is, â€Å"unchecked social disorder or public incivility is the cause of serious crimes (Text, 463)†. Crime and disorder are generally inseparably connected in a developmental series, at the community level. The series

Marketing and Customer Engagement Social Media Marketing

Question: Discuss about theMarketing and Customer Engagementfor Social Media Marketing. Answer: Overview of Company Big WS is the famous Australian chain of departmental stores. The company was founded in 1964 in the region of New South Wales, Australia. Big W is the division of the famous company Woolworths Limited and now, it is operating in all over the country having around 186 stores and 22,000 employees in the company. This is the largest discount department stores as compared to Kmart and target. In present time, Big W is providing great value in-store and online choices to the general customers. Along with this, it is also focusing on corporate responsibilities in the environment, employment and community. It can be seen that the company has got significant level of position in the Australian retail industry and the main cause of achieving such high position is that company uses effective strategies in its marketing tactics. Product Big W provides wide range of brands to the customers at the lowest affordable prices. Big W has stock of fashion for family health and beauty products, home entertainment, small electrical, toys, kitchenware and more. Customer can get big products in the small amount. Having entire range of products, company has huge collection of brand items on which customers are familiar and they trust (Woolworths Group, 2017). In Big W, customers can do shopping safely having the knowledge about products or brand which they know and trust. Along with this, those various products are available at the lowest prices. In Big W, it is not the idea of everyday low prices in the company. It is the principle on which the company is working continuously and it is the responsibility of the employees in the company. Company is always focused to offer the products to the customers at the lowest possible prices every day (DAT Media, 2017). Target Market Australia is a developed country and the standard of living of the people in country is high. Aim of the Big W is to focus on the environmental needs of the people in the country. Big W sells its products as per the requirements of the customers. So, Big W targets the socio-economic and psychographic or lifestyle of the customers. Company targets men, women and children in all age group as it is providing the products which can be used by everyone. Summary of Social Media Use In case of Big W, the customer outreach of the company includes several social media platforms i.e. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest using Socialbakers Builder and Analytics. Reason is that the customers are differing from channel to channel. The ecommerce footprints of Big W are very impressive (Densley, 2013). The company has enjoyed more than A$ 1.2 billion online sales every year with 50% rise of last year. The company is clearly reinvesting its profit in the digital platforms to attract the customers (Davis, 2014). The popularity of the Big W on social media can be seen by table. Platform Followers Facebook 800,000 Twitter 10,000 Instagram 20,000 Youtube 12,000 Pinterest 19,000 First tool is Facebook which is used by the company. Having more than 800,000 followers of Fecebook users in Australia, Big W has very popular page. Further, there are Youtube, Instagram, Pinterest and Twitter which are used by the company. The company has realized the importance of social media to remain available for the customers. The social media tools used by the Big W are not different from the competitors but, the way company is using the tools is different (GDUSA, 2017). The challenge, which company is faced by the company is to know about the customers i.e. who they are, what they want, how they want to be engaged with social media and how they want to contact. It is important for the company to differentiate them based on social media platform. There is risk associated with social media to satisfy the customers based on their needs. It can be seen by the table of followers that Big W is not failed in its social media strategy because of its unique strategy to manage the platforms on daily basis (Socialbakers 2017). Recommendation and Conclusion SWOT analysis of Big W based on social media is as follows: Strength Market leader, Ability to use market potential by social media platforms, Has more than million active users, Understand users needs and wants. Weakness Lack of website customization, Weak click-through-rate advertisements Opportunities Add more sources for revenue, Open facebook marketplace, Number of customers by mobile devices can be increased threats Users have ad-block extension, Weak business model, Privacy issues Based on the SWOT analysis, it is recommended that Big W has to make sure that it is using right track for social media strategy. So, company should do SWOT analysis of the social media strategy for the best results in this manner. References DAT Media, (2017). BIG W Digital. Retrieved on 1st May 2017 from https://www.bigw.com.au/medias/DATMedia20131028.pdf?context=bWFzdGVyfHJvb3R8NDgwNTIxMXxhcHBsaWNhdGlvbi9wZGZ8aDZlL2g3ZS85MTIzMTIyNTQ0NjcwLnBkZnxhZjQyOGMxNTYwYjUwYmExZmVkMTY3NTkwZGU1YWIzOWMwZmFiN2RlMzFmZTI5YjkxODJlODRjZjg4M2IzZWE4 Davis, B. (2014). Woolworths South Africa: common sense social media with a small team. Retrieved on 1st May 2017 from https://econsultancy.com/blog/64781-woolworths-south-africa-common-sense-social-media-with-a-small-team/ Densley, J. (2013). Woolworths social media success: Five lessons from the billboard scandal. Retrieved on 1st May 2017 from https://www.smartcompany.com.au/people-human-resources/managing/woolworths-social-media-success-five-lessons-from-the-billboard-scandal-2/ GDUSA. (2017). Measuring Success Starts With Big W Social Media Campaign. Retrieved on 1st May 2017 from https://gdusa.com/designwire/measuring-success-starts-with-big-w-social-media-campaign Socialbakers (2017). Woolworths: Great Results for a Small Team with Socialbakers Solutions. Retrieved on 1st May 2017 from https://www.socialbakers.com/social-media-content/client-stories/woolworths-sa/ Woolworths Group. (2017). Strategy and objectives. Retrieved on 1st May 2017 from https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-approach/strategy-and-objectives

Pony Express, Mail Service Operating Between Saint Joseph, Missouri, A

Pony Express, mail service operating between Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, inaugurated on April 3, 1860, under the direction of the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express Company. At that time, regular mail delivery took up to three weeks to cross the continent. The Pony Express carried mail rapidly overland on horseback the nearly 2000 miles between St. Joseph and Sacramento; the schedule allowed ten days for the trip. The mail was then carried by boat to San Francisco. Stations averaging at first 40 km (25 mi) apart were established, and each rider was expected to cover 120 km (75 mi) a day. Pony Express riders were usually lightweight young men, often teenagers. Special saddle bags that could be moved to a fresh horse very quickly at a change station were used. Buffalo Bill was a famous Pony Express rider. Eventually, the Pony Express had more than 100 stations, 80 riders, and between 400 and 500 horses. The express route was extremely hazardous, but only one mail delivery was ever lost. The Pony Express is credited with helping to keep California in the Union by providing rapid communication between the two coasts. News of the election of Abraham Lincoln to the United States presidency in 1860 and of the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 reached California via the Pony Express. The regular Pony Express service was discontinued in October 1861, after the Pacific Telegraph Company completed its line to San Francisco. The Pony Express was developed by William H. Russell, William B. Waddell, and Alexander Majors. Financially, the Pony Express was a failure, leading its founders to bankruptcy. However, the drama surrounding the Pony Express made it a part of the legend of the American West. Bibliography Pony Express, Microsoft? Encarta? Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta.msn.com ? 1997-2000

Polonium Facts - Element 84 or Po

Polonium Facts - Element 84 or Po Polonium (Po or Element 84) is one of the radioactive elements discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie. This rare element has no stable isotopes. Its found in uranium ores and cigarette smoke and also occurs as a decay product of heavier elements. Although there arent many applications for the element, it is used to generate heat from radioactive decay for space probes. The element is used as a neutron and alpha source and in anti-static devices. Polonium has also been used as a poison to commit assassinations. Although the position of element 84 on the periodic table would lead to categorization as a metalloid, its properties are those of a true metal. PoloniumBasic Facts Symbol: Po Atomic Number: 84 Discovery: Curie 1898 Atomic weight: [208.9824] Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 Classification: semi-metal Ground level: 3P2 Polonium Physical Data Ionization potential: 8.414 ev Physical form: Silvery metal Melting point: 254Â °C Boiling point: 962Â °C Density: 9.20 g/cm3 Valence: 2, 4 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC (2006)

Hrm Case 3 Essays

Hrm Case 3 Essays Hrm Case 3 Essay Hrm Case 3 Essay HRM Incident 3: The Controversial Job David Rhine, compensation manager for Farrington Lingerie Company, was generally relaxed and good-natured. Although he was a no-nonsense, competent executive, David was one of the most popular managers in the company. This Friday morning, however, David was not his usual self. As chairperson of the company’s job evaluation committee, he had called a late morning meeting at which several jobs were to be considered for reevaluation. The jobs had already been rated and assigned to pay grade 3. But the office manager, Ben Butler, was upset that one was not rated higher. To press the issue, Ben had taken his case to two executives who were also members of the job evaluation committee. The two executives (production manager Bill Nelson and general marketing manager Betty Anderson) then requested that the job ratings be reviewed. Bill and Betty supported Ben’s side of the dispute, and David was not looking forward to the confrontation that was almost certain to occur. The controversial job was that of receptionist. Only one receptionist position existed in the company, and Marianne Sanders held it. Marianne had been with the firm 12 years- longer than any of the committee members. She was extremely efficient, and virtually all the executives in the company, including the president, had noticed and commented on her outstanding work. Bill Nelson and Betty Anderson were particularly pleased with Marianne because of the cordial manner in which she greeted and accommodated Farrington’s customers and vendors, who frequently visited the plant. They felt that Marianne projected a positive image of the company. When the meeting began, David said, â€Å"Good morning. I know that you’re busy, so let’s get the show on the road. We have several jobs to evaluate this morning and I suggest we begin Before he could finish his sentence, Bill interrupted, â€Å"I suggest we start with Marianne. † Betty nodded in agreement. When David regained his composure, he quietly but firmly asserted, â€Å"Bill, we are not here today to evaluate Marianne. Her supervisor does that at performance appraisal time. We’re meeting to evaluate jobs based on job content. In order to do this fairly, with regard to other jobs in the company, we must leave personalities out of our evaluation. † David then proceeded to pass out copies of the receptionist job description to Bill and Betty, who were obviously very irritated. See questions below. ob can be reclassified / re-evaluated if the duties or responsibilities of an employee have significantly changed or expanded over time, and the expanded duties have remained in place for at least six months. In these cases, the same review criteria are used as with new positions. Based on the rating system, the employee may be moved to a higher pay band, and may receive retroactive pay. QUESTIONS 1. Do you feel that David was justified in insisting that the job, not the person, be evaluated? Discuss. Job evaluation is a technique used to determine the value of each job in relation to all jobs within the organization. The job evaluation and the employee evaluation are based on two entirely different scales. The job evaluation clearly identifies and describes the task, creates the basis for the job description and relates to the tasks involved with the position itself The basic purpose of job evaluation is to eliminate pay inequities which may exist because of illogical pay structures, such as might develop over time if care is not taken in how compensation is determined. Job evaluation programs are generally administered by the human resource department and are usually conducted by a committee. The jobs people have are major determinants of the amount of financial compensation they will receive, and organizations pay for the value attached to certain duties, responsibilities, and other job-related factors, such as working conditions. The relative worth of jobs is usually determined through a combination of job analysis, job descriptions, and job evaluation. The employee evaluation measures the employees overall performance of their tasks as it relates to the overall success of the company. David was asked to evaluate the job for compensation purposes, which involves the job function, not the person who is performing the job. I do feel that David was justified in insisting that the job, not the person be evaluated. 2. Do you believe that there is a maximum rate of pay for every job in an organization, regardless of how well the job is being performed? Justify your position. Employers use pay scales to calculate salaries. The rate range for a job grade consists of a minimum, midpoint, and maximum rate of pay unrelatedly to how well a job is performed. Many employers use a system job evaluation tool to rank jobs based on skill, education, experience, and duties to assess the job description. There should be a maximum rate of pay, which should be based on the individual’s job performance. The starting rate and maximum rates should be the same for all employees in the same position but, their individual rates may be different depending on their performance. However, once an employee has reached the maximum rate of pay for the position the employee should not receive any more pay raises. A job should have its maximum pay rate depending on many factors. In most cases jobs that do not require high level of education are the jobs that do not lead to a life long career. In this case, there is a limit of value that a receptionist like Beth could bring to the company. It wouldn’t make much financial sense to pay a receptionist equal to an operations manager. Even in this example where the receptionist has elevated value due to her interpersonal skills, ultimately she does not provide attainable financial betterment to the company outside of her job description. Therefore, the employee should be paid based on their quantified value as an asset to the company; and a job should have a maximum rate of pay.

Help writing executive summary of advertising plan Assignment

Help writing executive summary of advertising plan - Assignment Example Similarly, Starbucks faces various threats that include stiff competition, increased prices for avocado and reduced sales in the US retail outlets. Starbucks market segmentation includes males and females between the ages of 25-40 years old as well as generous and charitable individuals and organisations. Notable events that Starbucks has sponsored include Special Olympics, hip Lilith Fair music festival, Chicago Jazz Festival, International Film Festival in Washington DC as well as Museum of Contemporary Art in LA. The new flavorful Avocado beverage target market includes Starbucks consumers as well as adults aged between 25 to 40 years. Besides, the high purchasing power and the demand for technology among the young adults are key aspects that make Starbucks company to use internet in its marketing strategies. This entails using of social sites including Facebook and Twitter. Likewise, the new product target kids and teen whose parents value avocado Frappuccino among other products . In order to effectively penetrate the market, Starbucks is aimed at emulating marketing mix that encompasses the 4Ps (product, promotion, price and place). For example, the new product which is of a high quality has been as a result of the innovation that the company has embarked on. In terms of pricing, the company will adopt a competitive pricing method. In this way, it will effectively face off its competitors including Dunkin Donuts that is renowned for using social mobile strategy and McDonalds famous for production of premium roast coffee. In its promotion techniques, Starbucks is focused at using word of mouth, free samples, newspapers, Sport TV in addition to discounts. The new flavorful Avocado will be distributed along with other Starbucks products in all its outlets worldwide. Main objectives of Starbucks in introducing the new product are to improve the sales, product

Strategic Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example Brief History Samsung electronics is one of the Asian technology firms which have been able to capture a good market in the global market. The firm is a part of the Samsung conglomerate that provides a number of services and products. The firm has been able to establish a large enough market niche, overcoming global giants such as Apple, BlackBerry and Nokia. In terms of its Smartphone sales, Samsung has been able to provide a strong competition in the global market, and this has enabled the firm to be able to increase its sales and revenues. However, although Samsung has been able to capture a big market share on the global market, the firm has not been able to capture the Canadian market where its main competitor, Blackberry, has a stronghold on the market. This is critical because the Canadian market is a particularly good one given the fact that the market is a high end market, with numerous potential customers. Goals To be the market leader Samsung intends to be the market leade r in consumer electronics. ... It also aspires to be able to deliver the best most innovative products especially in the smart phone industry. Increase a cream of the market customer base (price skimming) In the technology industry, price skimming is the best way for firms to get their research and development costs returned as soon as possible. Price skimming refers to the firm being able to sell of a new innovative product and a considerably high price to those people who are can to pay more to be the first to use the product (Baker and Hart 2008). Once this happens, the firm recovers its research and development costs which were incurred in developing that product. The firm can now sell the product to the lower market at a lower price. Since Samsung has a global market, the Canadian market could be the best market to act as its high profile market. Although the market for Samsung is a global one, it fails to have a market stronghold in market areas where the firm can use the market for price skimming. This is b ecause of a number o reasons. First one is the fact that the main markets where Samsung has a stronghold on the market cannot be used for effective price skimming. Black Berry has a stronghold in all the high profile markets, and this makes it possible for Black Berry to use price skimming. This ability also makes it possible for Black Berry to be able to invest properly without worrying about its research and development costs (Martin 2013). If Samsung is able to increase its market share in the Canadian market, it will also be able to do effective price scheming and thus positively affect its research and development process. Fig. 1.0 showing the market share of the main Smartphone brands. Note that Samsung is the only experiencing growth. Increase customer base Apart from having a

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay From reading Of Mice and Men sections one and two we know that George and Lennie’s relationship is a bit confusing as George mainly covers Lennie’s back. We also see that George can put Lennie down at times when George is annoyed at Lennie. Although from reading section three I can tell that their relationship is slowly becoming closer and a kinder one. Firstly, George is starting to make Lennie seem a little happier and to show him that he is not all bad at things. We can see this on page 43, line 4, ‘he’s sure of a good worker. Strong as a bull.’ This shows that George is at least trying to make Lennie feel good about himself. Another example of this can be seen again on page 43, line 11,’ he can do anything you tell him, said George. He’s a good skinner.’ This quote could mean that George really does deep down love Lennie as a friend. Secondly, the other hand George can be harsh to Lennie on the odd occasion where George is trying to be funny. A quote for this can be found on page 45, line 5,’ I wasn’t kicked in the head with no horse, was I, George? Be a darn good thing if you was, George said viciously. Save ever’ body or hell of a lot of trouble.’ We can tell from this that George tries to make himself laugh by saying bad things about Lennie. Thirdly, Lennie seems that he does not really seem to make a matter of that he is being treated badly by George sometimes. We can see this on page 43, line 7, ‘George scowled at him, and Lennie dropped his head in shame.’ This shows that he is upset by how he drops his head but doesn’t say anything back to try and defend himself. Shows that he is getting bullied by George a bit. Fourthly and finally another way their relationship builds up is how they always dream of the future and how they both want the best for each other also how they sort of know that it will be all good. I’m guessing that they will talk about the future a couple more times later on in the book. So from reading section 3 we can see that their relationship is very slowly getting better and their bond is getting tighter but George sometimes slows the relationship down, but can say good and positive things about Lennie on the odd occasion.

The Effect of Television on Humans Essay -- TV Media Papers

The Effect of Television on Humans "98% of all homes in the U.K. have at least one television in them"Throughout our planet we are surrounded by media, through magazines, newspaper, internet, radio and, the most influential, television we are educated the news of the world. Just over 96 years ago the first working mechanical TV system was built, by a man name Boris Rosing, and it’s now, in the 21st century the considered the most popular form of entertainment. It is adored by all ages and has become an essential part of the lives of millions of viewers. Television, as many researchers and scientists have said, influences the thoughts of its audience in good and, unfortunately bad ways, with TV broadcasters doing whatever necessary to profit from their shows. Television has a big impact on the youth of today, is the fact that our children are able to view scenes of sex, violence and excess bad language at such an early age have an affect on their future’s? DOES TELEVISION INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOUR AND CAUSE US TO BE MORE VIOLENT? The programs watched on TV obviously depend on the preferences of the viewer(s), but the majority of people will watch films quite frequently. ‘Action movies’ have forever been the most popular genre due to the extreme amounts of violence throughout the film. The characters in these films are made to look ‘cool’ when fighting or shooting one another. Teenagers take great pleasure in idolizing these heroes and imagine themselves reacting similarly in such scenarios. It has been found that youngsters who continually watch these ‘action movies’ are more likely to solve problems with violence a... ...nding us. As you can see there are advantages and disadvantages to the television, there is no doubt television influences our attitudes, behaviors and beliefs. Reality shows, Talk Shows, and Soap Operas all contribute to us being prevented from seeing the real truth in our society and what is considered important or not. On the other hand TV is extremely educational and is probably the greatest form of media. I believe that TV should not be an essential part of our daily lives, moderate amounts of it is certainly harmless, if not advantageous. By the time a child becomes an adult, he has witnessed over 12,000 acts of violence on a television screen per year. That equals 144,000 acts of violence between the ages of 5 and 18. The child has witnessed over 8,000 murders before finishing elementary school (APA 1997).

Behavioral Risk Factors and Oral Health

It has been found that as socioeconomic status increases, the incidence of disease, illness, and their impacts decrease (Reisine, 1009).   Specifically, large disparities exist for differences in oral health.   Socioeconomic status is usually measured by â€Å"income, education, or occupational prestige that offer advantages to individuals and families† (Reisine, 1009).   Some base it on the neighborhood that one lives.The frequency of tooth-brushing, dental check-ups, and the consumption of sweets and soft drinks affect dental health ( Ylà ¶stalo, 195).   It is recommended by dentists to brush teeth with a toothpaste containing fluoride daily to prevent tooth decay.   Dental check-ups are encouraged every six months.   In some households, baking soda is used for tooth-brushing.   Although it is inexpensive, it does not contain fluoride.Oral infections and cardiovascular diseases have common biological and behavioral risk factors such as poor diet, smoking, and excessive alcohol use.   The health of one’s mouth affects the health of the rest of the body. The process of digestion begins in the mouth.â€Å"Psychosocial determinants could act as a link between general health behavior and dental health behavior† (Ylà ¶stalo, 194).   Consistency, control, self-worth, life satisfaction, and optimism have been linked to several health outcomes (Ylà ¶stalo, 194).   For example, people that are optimistic tend to recover better from illnesses.In conclusion, the connections between oral and general diseases are because of unhealthy habits; they can result from a person’s socioeconomic status and lifestyle.   These unhealthy behaviors are risk factors for overall health.ReferencesReinsine, Susan T. and Walter Psoter. (2001, October).   Socioeconomic Status and Selected   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavioral Determinants as Risk actors for Dental Caries. Journal of Dental Education, 1009-1015.Ylà ¶stalo. P .V., Ek, E., Laitinen, J., and M.L. Knuuttila. (2003). Optimism and Life Satisfaction as Determinants for Dental and General Health Behavior-Oral Health Habits Linked to Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Journal of Dental Research, 82(3): 194-199.

Homelessness: What We Can Do About It

â€Å"Being homeless is often defined as sleeping on the streets. Although this is the most visible and severe form of homelessness, there are many other types of acute housing need. These include living in temporary accommodation, poor or overcrowded conditions, or being in mortgage arrears and under threat of re-possession. † (Hope, 27) It is a symptom of many complex problems: mental illness, emotional instability, illiteracy, chronic substance abuse, unemployment, and, most basic of all, the breakdown of city planning. Anyone can become homeless and the reasons that force people into homelessness are many and varied. The leading cause, however, of homelessness in the United States is the inability of poor people to afford housing. â€Å"Housing costs have risen significantly over the last decade, while the incomes of poor and middle-class Americans have stagnated. † (Erickson, 169) The millions of Americans who are unemployed or work in low-paying jobs are among the most vulnerable to becoming homeless. Therefore, homelessness, housing, and income are inextricably linked. Low-income people are frequently unable to pay for housing, food, child-care, health care, and education. Difficult choices must be made when limited resources cover only some of these necessities. Often it is housing, which takes a high proportion of income that must be dropped. Two major sources of income are from employment and public assistance. A decrease in either one of them would certainly put poor people at risk of homelessness. Additionally, minimum wage earnings no longer lift families above the poverty line. More than 3 million poor Americans spend more than half of their total income on housing, yet the Department of Housing and Urban Development estimates families should spend no more than 30%. † (Gilbert, 84) Although many homeless adults are employed, they work in day-labor jobs that do not meet basic needs, while technological acceleration excludes others from a competitive job market. Many factors have contributed to declining work opportunities for large segments of the workforce, including the loss of well-paying manufacturing jobs. The decline in relatively secure and well-paying jobs in manufacturing, which have been replaced by less secure and poorly-paid jobs in the service sector, has greatly limited the opportunities for poorly-educated and low-skilled segments of the population. This transformation has led to an unprecedented incidence of chronic unemployment and underemployment. (Hardin, 379) â€Å"Underemployment is an especially useful measure of the decline in secure jobs since, unlike the unemployment rate, measures of underemployment reflect not only individuals who are unemployed, but also involuntary part-timers and those who have given up seeking work. (Hardin, 263) In addition to increasing underemployment, an estimated 29. 4% of the workforce are employed in nonstandard work arrangements, for example, independent contracting, working for a temporary help agency, day labor, and regular part-time employment. These kinds of work arrangements typically offer lower wages, fewer benefits, and less job security. â€Å"As recently as 1967, a year-round worker earning the minimum wage was paid enough to raise a family of three above the poverty line† (Sklar, 103). From 1981-1990, however, â€Å"the minimum wage was frozen at $3. 5 an hour, while the cost of living increased 48% over the same period. Congress raised the minimum wage to $5. 15 per hour in 1996. This increase made up only slightly more than half of the ground lost to inflation in the 1980s† (Hardin, 191). Thus, full-time year-round minimum-wage earnings currently not equal to the estimated poverty line for a family of three. Unsurprisingly, the decline in the value of the minimum wage has been accompanied by an increase in the number of people earning poverty-level wages and the declining wages have put housing out of reach for many workers, in every state. Slashed public assistance has also left many people homeless or at risk of homelessness. Replacement of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) entitlement program, a program that was already inadequate in meeting the needs of families, with the non-entitlement block grant program would significantly increase the risk of homelessness for many Americans. Furthermore, earned income and asset limitations discourage individuals and families from breaking the cycle of homelessness and extreme poverty. Several states have terminated or reduced public assistance and food stamps for individuals, while Social Security Income (SSI) is inadequate, and sometimes impossible to obtain, for disabled individuals. As a result, the number of poor Americans is growing and the poor are getting poorer. Across America, there has been a substantial decline in the number of housing units that low-income people and those in need of shelter assistance can afford. Those losses have resulted primarily from downtown urban renewal, gentrification, abandonment, and suburban land use controls. The elimination and reduction of federal low income housing programs has also dramatically reduced the supply of affordable shelter. Moreover, construction of low income and assisted housing has essentially stopped. Due to the increased demand and diminished supply of housing or shelter, the problem of homelessness is further deteriorated. The amount of housing available in the private sector rental stock is diminishing rapidly. As more and more landlords abandon apartment buildings and houses rather than repair them, the housing supply for the poor has declined at an accelerating pace in some cities in the nation. The growth of service-sector employment in central business districts has attracted white-collar professionals, many of whom prefer to live in accessible central city neighborhoods, where they compete with poor, indigenous residents for private market housing (Noyelle, 210). The result is frequently gentrification of inner city housing which traditionally has been the major source of low- income housing. At the same time, downtown service sector expansion has created jobs for many low-waged workers, which increases the demand for low cost shelter readily accessible to the downtown. It makes the homeless in downtown even harder to rent a place to live. Downtown development also diminishes the supply of low-income housing for poor people. As the City raises more new office towers, the vacancy for housing is getting less. In Seattle, for instance, office space in downtown grew from 13 million square feet in 1981 to about 24 million square feet in 1990. On the other hand, the downtown low-income housing stock declined from about 11,000 units in 1980 to less than 6,000 units in 1987. With the passage of new housing levies, cities will try to regain some low income units, but today s low-income units vanish faster than they can be built and there is still a shortage in housing supply in downtown areas. Besides, the qualities of temporary shelters for homeless people are terrible that they think staying on streets is a better choice. Not only have the lost bed-spaces not been made up, but the new hostels are not as readily accessible to the homeless coming directly off the street. They tend to cater to special-needs groups and access tends to be through referral. Planners can play an important role in the search for solutions to homelessness. And homelessness is an extensive, complex process. Different kinds of intervention are needed to deal with the problem. But the most widely accepted approach is a three-tier system, beginning with emergency shelters and moving through transitional accommodations to long-term housing. Rehabilitation of old buildings by minimal funding are common projects to provide shelters for the homeless people. However, some observers suggests that making the renovation of buildings for low-income housing profitable, for developers or investors, can be the solution to the homeless problem. Our examination makes it clear that piecemeal intervention can alleviate emergency shelter crises, but such action will not resolve the long-term problem of finding permanent shelter for the homeless and returning them to the mainstream of society wherever possible, which we regard as the ultimate goal of intervention. Equally obvious is that while long-term intervention strategies are vital, they do not address the problems of survival for those presently without shelter and support. We conclude that both long-term and short-term measures are necessary, but that all the solutions should be based on integrated, comprehensive understanding of the homelessness problem. Only such a comprehensive approach will allow planners to develop workable strategies with any chance for success.

Therapeutic Communication Essays

Therapeutic Communication Essays Therapeutic Communication Essay Therapeutic Communication Essay Therapeutic communication is the face to face interaction who objective is to advance both physical and emotional condition of the patient. Therapeutic techniques are used by nurses to ensure that they have communicated well with their patients towards providing them with support and all the required communication. This report is aimed at providing the various techniques that were used during the week in ensuring that all the nursing goals have been achieved towards communication with the patient. Therapeutic communications techniques Asking relevant questions. I used this technique in order to seek all the information that I needed for decision making. The questions were asked one after another systematically and each question aimed at exploring all information about the patient. The open ended questions that I used allowed me to take a conversational lead towards introducing relevant information. Examples are What problems are majorly affecting you right now? or How has your pain impacted your daily life? Summarizing. This technique is aimed at pulling all the information about the client into one documentation. Importance of summarizing is that it provides the confidence that the nurse understand what the patient is suffering (Wachtel, 2011). . This is an exact review of what transpired during the time of interaction with the client. Example I have come to find out that you have improved and your pain level has dropped to one. This is because of the Vicodin you took in the morning. I think you should be taking the painkillers just before the doctors comes for the physical therapy as it has helped you to do the required rehabilitation process. Client response was Yes, taking the medicine just before the physical therapy has been successful due to the drop in pain in both my leg and arm. Communication blocks Reassuring clichs. These are techniques that are used by nurses often when communicating with clients. What the nurses are saying is automatically what is expected to communicate to their patients. Theses reassurance clichs are at times are not true, but it the only way the nurse can communicate to the patients. Example Everything will be all right, You are doing well and fine. The use of clichs is a block since as a nurse saying all is fine to the patient resulted from my sincere desire to see the patient have confidence that actually the pain is reducing. The use of clichs at times contradict what the patients are feeling. Telling a patient suffering from pain that all is will be alright might make the feel that the nurse is not intended in solving their problems. Disagreeing with the patients. These are statements that are made by nurses to their patients regarding what they feel. Disagreement come up when the nurse put off what the patient is saying. Example You are wrong No, that is not true Such statements contradict what the patients and nurses have indicated to them. These are blocks to communications as patients would feel threatened and therefore stop expressing themselves accordingly. The patient can even stop from talking about what they feel for fear of being disapproved. Alternative therapeutic communications techniques for the blocks to communicate. Clarifying. This is a technique that the nurses should use to try in understanding the patients for what they find not to be clear. The nurses ought to seek immediate clarification. The advantages of seeking immediate clarifications on what the patient has said will immediately stop any misunderstanding therefore resulting to smooth communication. Showing an interest on the patient automatically motivates the patients to full communicate their problems. Meaningful communication between the patients will only be achieved through effective understanding between the two parties. Example Could you please tell me more aboutbecause I am not sure if I am getting the clear meaning. Exploring. This technique is used to help the nurses to explore further into the reality of the subject they are discussing with the patients. A good nurse is expected to recognize and ensure that they have refrained from probing their clients. In case the patient makes a decision not to explore more about their problems, then the nurse should not probe the patient. The nurse is expected to respect the clients wishes. Example what kind of home are you living in? Tell me about it Swanson caring process Swansons theory of caring maintains that nursing care is a make of how a nurse can understand the patient is to ask every detail information about the current event for instance how the physical therapy has been impacting their health improvements. Being with the client emotionally and sharing their feelings provide them with ease and therefore they will not feel burden with the health situation at hand. Doing for means that the nurse is required to do to their clients what they would love to be done to. Example is comforting the patient when they feel pain. Maintaining belief is to sustain faith that the client will get through with the event. The nurse is supposed to maintain hope attitude and offer the client with realistic hopes. References Wachtel, P. L. (2011). Therapeutic communication: Knowing what to say when. Guilford Press. Swanson, K. M. (1993). Nursing as informed caring for the wellbeing of others. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25(4), 352-357.

6 Strategies to Develop Your Critical Reading Skills

6 Strategies to Develop Your Critical Reading Skills To those in professions that involve using your mind as a tool, keeping skills like critical reading and critical thinking sharp is an absolute must. Most of us have been required to read critically during our education, but, strangely enough, the skill remains untapped or undeveloped by most adults. Critical reading, by and large, concerns not discerning what the text says, but why it says what it says and a sharp critical reader will separate three functions that a text performs: what it says, what it does and what the congruity of those two is supposed to mean. In other words, to read critically is to think not about what the text says about one topic or another, but what the text attempts to accomplish by stating what its stating in terms of facts and arguments presented. Here are some strategies that will help you become a better critical reader: 1. Develop Critical Reading Along With Critical Thinking At least once a day, resolve to read something that attempts to argue for or against a cause. Then, spend some time to answer basic questions: what is the issue and why is it being discussed? What is this author advocating for? How do they justify their stance on this topic? Are these good reasons? Why or why not? For reading material, try the New York Times Opinion Pages. 2. Lay Your Thoughts Out Some prefer using a pen and paper, but the easier way is saying what youre thinking out loud, allowing your thoughts to go from something wishy-washy and unsound to concrete, composed statements. It might seem silly, but even advanced students of logical theory have to do this, and its definitely a practical skill worth developing. When youre ruminating on a topic, your mind can go from one thought to the next, barely registering that something was there after your thought switches to something else. Verbalizing those thoughts allows them to bear weight and be recorded. 3. Read Up on Logical Theory Learn what an argument is and the difference between deductive and inductive arguments. Finally, learn about what makes an argument valid, what makes an argument sound and how those two things differ from each other. Theres lots more to learn, but these are the basics that will serve you well when dissecting someones arguments. 4. Remember to Think Actively Active thinking means asking questions when presented with statements, its opposition being passive thinking, which is based on relying on assumption, taking things at face value, and prejudice. 5. Be a Skeptic, Not a Cynic Critical thinkers are naturally skeptical and suspicious, though in some, this can cross into cynicism. The rule of thumb for distinguishing between the two is that cynics will assume that something is malicious or untrue, while skeptics do not assume anything. Of course, were all just human and sometimes cant help but fall victim to our emotions, however, try and remember that critical thinking involves thinking actively, and cynicism is purely passive emotional impulse. 6. Above All Else, Be Open to New Ideas To a non-critical thinker, the world is only their perspective of it and what doesnt fall into their view is dismissed simply because its different. A critical thinker, and, by extension, a critical reader judges ideas based on merit alone, accepting views that differ from their own and in fact readily exposing themselves to opposing views. Using these guidelines will help you stay sharp and think on your feet when presented with someones opinions. Resolving to read critically is something everyone should do. Its not in everyones character to read everything critically, nor is it possible to think critically and remain skeptical at all times, but in this world where your news come pre-chewed youll need the right tools to combat spin and misinformation.

Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Strategic Management - Assignment Example king from both internal and external influences, explains strategies used by Davies in launching this new line, and proposes recommendations about whether this new launch can provide a return on the investment. The PEST Analysis, as part of environmental scanning, provides an opportunity to witness the different external conditions that influence decision-making. This model recognises political, economic, social and technological forces that will determine a firm’s adaptability to external trends. From the political view, Davies’ new business intends to launch 25 stores. Success domestically will determine whether to take this brand international and strategy could be impacted by different taxation or tariffs on imported products, cutting into the profit margin. Depending on the country where Davies might export his goods, political forces can determine speed of new market entry or regulate volume being delivered. The economic environment plays a considerable role in how a business develops strategy. Where this new line will be introduced, the UK, there is a current recession that impacts consumers at all different levels and market segments. In response to consumers slowing their purchases, especially in retail, high-end companies like Versace have stopped production on five different product lines in lower-priced ranges since they were not showing signs of profitability (Choi, 2009). Further, Tiffany closed its business focusing on Iridesse pearl jewelry to focus on diamonds due to sales slumps (Choi). This illustrates how the economic environment drives companies to streamline their product lines or enhance their sales focus on higher-profiting products. Spending patterns in consumer groups can strongly impact strategic direction, especially at the operational level like at Versace. Social trends, also external, impact how a company conducts business in a certain environment. A recent survey of citizens in Asia identified that Asians tend to worry about

Fat and Happy All at the Same Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fat and Happy All at the Same Time - Essay Example She vividly discussed the convention activities and provided a touching and moving realization on what she referred to as overcoming her old assumptions. The second article Fat and Happy was written by Hillel Schwartz, presented two selections entitled Vindication of Fat and The Fat Society: A Utopia. Schwartz openly discussed in the first selection the prejudice and biases experienced by fat people which can range from childhood to adulthood. On the second selection regarding the Fat Society, Schwartz wittingly discussed the utopian spectacle of a Fat society, where size of your waists or hips does not matter in attaining social freedom or personal happiness. In Mary Ray Worley's Fat and Happy, the author's main argument was there are a "growing number of people who believe that it is possible to be happy with your body even if it happens to be fat." Worley successfully argued the aforementioned premises by sharing her own experiences and the realization of being fat and happy all at the same time. According to her, she was able to realize her full potential when she joined the NAFAA Convention.1 She was able to fully utilize and interpret the information she has gathered.

Sally hemings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sally hemings - Essay Example Physical and sexual abuses were part of their slave lives, and family relationships were always unstable because slave trades frequently broke up families. The American colonies practiced this slavery throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, until the American Civil War and leaders like Abraham Lincoln put an end to it. However, even after the abolishment of slavery system, the legacy of slavery influenced the American history, in the disruptive years of Reconstruction. When slavery existed in United States of American, it was considered to be a cruel part of history. However, for Sally Hemings, it was a completely different story. She gave up freedom for many uncertain reasons. The different facets of Hemings as concubine, mother, slave, and the privileges she had for being a slave is analyzed in detail. â€Å"Being a woman added burdens to a slaves life but also furthered the ‘cooperation and interdependence’ necessary for a womans survival†.1 This statement aptly fits the life of Sally Hemings. She was a enslaved woman of mixed-race who was owned by then President, Thomas Jefferson. She was said to have had a long-term relationship with Jefferson, consequently bearing as many as six children with him. She was born in 1773 to Elizabeth (Betty) Hemings and John Wayles, Thomas Jefferson’s father-in-law. She entered Monticello as part of inheritance that was given to his Jefferson’s wife Martha Wayles Jefferson. Initially, she was a nursemaid to Jefferson’s daughters doing household chores and other works that an enslaved woman would do. Later, in 1784, when Jefferson travelled to Paris, Hemings accompanied him with his 8-year old daughter named Martha. It is said that it was during this time that the relationship between Jefferson and Hemings could have developed. There are many instances to show that Sally Hemings gave up her

Net present value Essay Example for Free

Net present value Essay This essay will discuss the net present value (NPV), payback period (PBP) and internal rate of return (IRR) approaches for a project evaluation. It is often said that NPV is the best approach investment appraisal, which I why I will compare the strengths and weaknesses of NPV as well as the two others to se if the statement is actually true. Introduction To start of, the essay will attempt to explain the theoretical rationale of the net present value approach to investment appraisal as well as its strengths and weaknesses. From there, introduce the payback period method and then internal rate of return approach, as well as to consider their strengths and weaknesses. After outlining and explaining the three different approaches, it will finish up with comparing the different three and in a conclusion. NPV Net present value or NPV is an approach used to determine the value of an investment today (present) compared to the value of the investment in the future after taking the inflation and return into account. In simpler words, it compares the value of 1 pound today with the same pound in the future. Net present value is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of an investment. It is usually calculated using tables and spreadsheets such as Microsoft Excel, but the main formula used to calculate net present value looks like this: Where C0 = Cash outflow at time t=0 Ct = Cash inflow at time t r = The discount rate As Ross (2013) states in his book, a project should be accepted if the NPV is greater than zero and rejected if it is less than zero. This is known as the NPV rule. However, if the NPV is equal to zero, the manager of the company has to decide whether to accept or reject depending on several factors, such as there might be a better investment to be made elsewhere that might produce higher revenue. It will be a question of opportunity cost. The whole point of the rule is that if a firm accepts an investment with positive net present value, it will benefit the shareholders, as the value of the firm will increase (considering no other circumstances) by the amount of the NPV. This is called additivity, which means that the value of the firm is simply the value of the different divisions, projects, or other entities within the firm. Alexander (2000) states that any financial asset with an NPV greater than zero is referred to as underpriced, while any financial asset with an NPV less than zero is said to be overprices. A firm or company must always consider is the concept of ‘time value of money’ (TVM). TMV means that if ? 1 is invested today, say for instance in a bank or a fund, with an interest rate of 5 per cent per annum, in one year it will be ? 1. 05 because the bank compensates the investors for borrowing their money. The same would be if you reverse the equation. ?1 in a year with the same interest rate of 5 per cent equals ? 0. 9524 today (Weetman, 2010). The reason for discounting future cash flows according to Marney (2011) are because of three factors; inflation, risk and time impatience. In all countries there is some level of inflation that needs to be accounted for. It can lead to both higher and lower purchasing power of money. Risk is very hard du make accurate predictions for in the far future, and after the credit crunch of 2007-2008, very few dare to make them on variables like inflation and interest rates. Lastly is the factor of time impatience. Since mankind is born with some level of greed, people prefer money now rather than later. This can easily be reflected by the use of credit cards and loans in general. And as long as people want to lend and borrow, there is money to be made for lenders, as incentives are required with the gratification in the form of interest. The main advantage with the net present value technique according to Ross (2013) is that is uses cash flows, it includes all the cash flows of the project and that it rightly discounts the cash flows properly. The positive aspect of it using cash flows is that it determines when the project will earn its incomes, how soon they will come as well as how sizable they are going to be. What is meant when he states that it uses all the cash flows is that it acknowledges every single cash flow, regardless of the date or the size. The advantage for the shareholders of the firm is that it shows how much they can expect to get back from an investment as it takes into account the riskiness of the project and doesn’t ignore the time value of money. However, the NPV approach those have some disadvantages as well. The main disadvantage to the net present value approach is that it is sensitive to discount rates. The computations of NPV are a summary of multiple discounted cash flows that are converted into present value terms for the same point in time. This could affect the result both positively and negatively, and as said earlier, it is almost impossible to predict what the future brings. Let’s use the example given in the article â€Å"Uses, abuses and alternatives to NPV† by Ross (1995). If the current interest rate leads to a negative NPV, but in the future the interest rate decreases and leads to a positive NPV. The management or analyzers may miss out on a good investment opportunity if they sell the project early because with the current interest rate it is considered not profitable. Another example, let’s call it project a, could be if we were trying to value an investment that could cost your firm ? 10,000 up front today and was expected to pay you back ? 2,500 in annual profits for 5 years. This will lead to a total nominal amount of ? 12,500, beginning at the end of the first year. If we use a 4. 5 per cent discount rate in the NPV calculations, the five payments of ? 2,500 equals to ? 10,974. 94 of todays pounds. If we subtract the initial payment of ? 10,000, we’re left with a net present value of ? 974. 94. Now let’s try to do use the same number with the same length of a project, but use 9 per cent discount rate and call it project b. The firm will get a payment of ? 9,724. 13, which means they’ll have a NPV of considerably less, and will in fact end up loosing ? 275. 87 when the project is finished.

America Needs Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

America Needs Human Cloning      Ã‚  Ã‚   You have been told that you are unique. The belief that there is no one else like you in the whole world made you feel special and proud. This belief may not be true in the future.   The world was stunned by the news in late February 1997 that a British embryologist named Ian Wilmut and his research team had successfully cloned a lamb named Dolly from an adult sheep. Dolly was created by replacing the DNA of one sheep's egg with the DNA of another sheep's udder. While plants and lower forms of animal life have been successfully cloned for many years now, before Wilmut's announcement it had been thought by many to be unlikely that such a procedure could be performed on higher mammals. The world media was immediately filled with heated discussions about the ethical implications of cloning.    Some of the most powerful people in the world have felt compelled to act against this threat. The President swiftly imposed a ban on federal funding for human-cloning research. Bills are in the works in both houses of Congress to outlaw human cloning which it taken to be a fundamentally evil thing that must be stopped. But what is exactly bad about it? From an ethical point of view , it is difficult to see exactly what is wrong with cloning human beings. The people who are afraid of cloning tend to think that someone will break into Napoleon's Tomb, steal some DNA and make 2000 emperors. In reality, cloning would be probably used by infertile people who now use donated sperm, eggs, or embryos. Do the potential harms outweigh the potential benefits of cloning? From what we know now, they don't. Therefore, we should not rush to ban a potentially useful method of helping infertile, genetically at-risk, or single people to become parents.    We can start by asking whether human beings have a right to reproduce. I say " Yes". I have no moral right to tell other people they shouldn't be able to have children, and I don't see that the President has that right either. If humans have a right to reproduce, what right does society have to limit the means? Essentially all reproduction is done these days with medical help- at delivery, and even before. Truly natural human reproduction would make pregnancy-related death the number.

People Are Becoming Overly Dependent on Technology

Dustan Clinton English 1301 Doctor Nellis 15 April 2013 People have become overly dependent on Technology Some people would say all the great inventions and updates on technology have made this world a better place. It has not! This world has become overly dependent on technology, because of the fact; jobs requirements have changed, laziness has prevailed and people are just commonly fascinated in all that has been created in today’s world that makes that one task little bit easier by the push of a button.Society is pushed in learning new technology to keep their jobs. Men and women that are in there mid range of age in life having been working for that certain career that now allows a machine or knowledge of a device to run it. The newer generation will not know what it is like to actually build with their hands, and will be lost if the device was to break. Certain industries have to have parts quality inspected and be checked by hands. Now they have machines to do it.Our mil itary relies on advanced technology to protect or national security, knowing that’s not the only way to protect. Laziness is part of people becoming overly dependent on technology in today’s society. Everyday ordinary people are using the latest technology to make life just a little easier. Take cell phones added with high speed internet. People can deposit checks, make credit card payments, and pay utility bills, just from a few touches of some buttons on their phones. People are using emails instead of writing letters and postage stamps.Cell phones and similar devices are allowing access to web sites like face book and twitter that allow family and friends to stay connected instead of actually using their phone to make a call. Some kids are growing up not knowing how to even use certain kitchen appliances, such as cheese grader, potato peeler, or can opener. Almost all foods are being made where anyone is able to throw in the microwave and have a full meal. Younger g enerations don’t know what home cooked meals are using grills really is because you can ave full four course meal out of the little box in the corner of the kitchen that cooks for you. House hold chores have even become easier with electric appliances. Dish washers, washing machines, clothes driers, robotic floor sweepers; have made people lazy because they have become overly dependent on today’s technology. People are so fascinated with today’s technology it has caused society to become overly dependent on it. Gaming systems for kids have become so high tech. it is causing them to become addicted, and keeping them from wondering outside and seeing the nature side of life.The systems are filled with intense graphics and connect to high speed internet so kids and young adults can game with the other side of the world. That is fascinating and it also causes kids to be overly fascinated in this technology. Society use to go to the store to rent movies and but cdsâ €™, now they just get on their computers and find a web site to download them. Downloading capability has multiplied 100 percent over the past ten years. It fascinates people just to be able to sit at home and get all the music, or watch any movie they want right there at their finger tips.

Life in Prison

Prison life in most society is not considered a life worth mentioning. When a person decides to break the law and take up a life of crime, he or she should be aware of certain circumstances that lie ahead. When individuals break the law in our society, the pathway to a life in jail or prison is almost certain. Life simple freedom that most of society enjoys are limited in prison, and in some case none existence. Told where to go, how to act, when to speak, when to rise for the day or when to sleep can be torture. While enduring this he or she is confined in a small cell surrounded by the worst criminals society has to offer can make what life one has left a living nightmare (Heydoorn, 2008). In this paper, I will discuss my personal perspective that I have on Life in Prison. I will also discuss the policies that I would enforce, inmates need for respect, change in correctional policies that I would implement, and my beliefs on why people become criminals. After reading various topics on prison life during this course of study, along with my personal experience as a law enforcement officer, my perspective and understanding of prison life has not change. The main purpose of jail and prison has not change since the early days of our society. Prisons in our society are to house those citizens, which have committed crimes, like murder, rape, arson, and burglary. These citizens are held until their day in court, their trail has been set, and punishment has been rendered. Our ancestors intended purpose of jails and prisons were used as a form of punishment against the offender, a deterrent against the offender from committing crimes, removing dangerous criminals from our society and rehabilitation of less violent criminals. The system I think is ineffective so my understanding is that the system works. However, I am not supportive of the harsh conditions that some inmates will experience while incarcerated. The subculture of gang life and having to choose between living prison life safe or a victim of prison life is a difficult choice (Latessa, 2004). Some policies that I would make to aid the adjustment of prisoners to prison life are first address the subculture mentality that all inmates will experience. This unwritten inmate code, which is nothing more than a certain rules, and belief that used to bind inmates together. Prison life within this culture sees prison as nothing more than a training ground for gladiators. Here is where the strong will survive and flourish in this culture or weak shall become victims. This one area seldom addressed in the majority of prisons. In some cases, prisons officials allow this system to operate for fear of staff safety and gang retaliation. If this were the first order of attack, an inmate might have the chance at rehabilitation and reeducating themselves for reentry back to society (De Viggiani, 2006). In prison life for an inmate, his or her very existence is based on respect, hope, and safety that he or she will survive their sentence. If respect is given to an inmate as, a human being than respect should be rendered in return. Respect can be the difference between a prison riots or safe staff. Giving an inmate hope can change an individual whole outlook on prison life. Though hope an inmate can, one acquires his or her GED, learn a trade, kick drug addiction, and one-day walk out a free man. Other changes in policy that I would suggest in both state and federal prison would first start with the correctional management staff ideology. In almost every state in the United States prison system operates with the idea that if a plan worked good one day why change it the next. In other words if the system is not broken why fix it. The correctional system is like any other field in our society reluctant to change even when it is long overdue. The hearts and minds of correctional professionals, is a start in the right direction. In the last 100 years, there has been very little difference in how our prisons are operated this needs to change. Just because it was successful in 1950 does not mean it is for 2011. During this course of study, I do not think that there is no definite reason people become criminals. It is hard for me to think that individuals are merely born criminals and its is beyond that person control to do otherwise. I think that some people just take up criminal activity because the lifestyle and danger of being caught appeals to their behavior. Others might do strictly for financial gains that might override any rational thought. Some because of their environment see it as easy ticket out of poverty in which he or she grew up. The list could go on with no simple answer. However, I am confident that if the majority of our society were taught at an early age that criminal behavior is a no win scenario that will only led them to a life in prison. Life in Prison Prison life in most society is not considered a life worth mentioning. When a person decides to break the law and take up a life of crime, he or she should be aware of certain circumstances that lie ahead. When individuals break the law in our society, the pathway to a life in jail or prison is almost certain. Life simple freedom that most of society enjoys are limited in prison, and in some case none existence. Told where to go, how to act, when to speak, when to rise for the day or when to sleep can be torture. While enduring this he or she is confined in a small cell surrounded by the worst criminals society has to offer can make what life one has left a living nightmare (Heydoorn, 2008). In this paper, I will discuss my personal perspective that I have on Life in Prison. I will also discuss the policies that I would enforce, inmates need for respect, change in correctional policies that I would implement, and my beliefs on why people become criminals. After reading various topics on prison life during this course of study, along with my personal experience as a law enforcement officer, my perspective and understanding of prison life has not change. The main purpose of jail and prison has not change since the early days of our society. Prisons in our society are to house those citizens, which have committed crimes, like murder, rape, arson, and burglary. These citizens are held until their day in court, their trail has been set, and punishment has been rendered. Our ancestors intended purpose of jails and prisons were used as a form of punishment against the offender, a deterrent against the offender from committing crimes, removing dangerous criminals from our society and rehabilitation of less violent criminals. The system I think is ineffective so my understanding is that the system works. However, I am not supportive of the harsh conditions that some inmates will experience while incarcerated. The subculture of gang life and having to choose between living prison life safe or a victim of prison life is a difficult choice (Latessa, 2004). Some policies that I would make to aid the adjustment of prisoners to prison life are first address the subculture mentality that all inmates will experience. This unwritten inmate code, which is nothing more than a certain rules, and belief that used to bind inmates together. Prison life within this culture sees prison as nothing more than a training ground for gladiators. Here is where the strong will survive and flourish in this culture or weak shall become victims. This one area seldom addressed in the majority of prisons. In some cases, prisons officials allow this system to operate for fear of staff safety and gang retaliation. If this were the first order of attack, an inmate might have the chance at rehabilitation and reeducating themselves for reentry back to society (De Viggiani, 2006). In prison life for an inmate, his or her very existence is based on respect, hope, and safety that he or she will survive their sentence. If respect is given to an inmate as, a human being than respect should be rendered in return. Respect can be the difference between a prison riots or safe staff. Giving an inmate hope can change an individual whole outlook on prison life. Though hope an inmate can, one acquires his or her GED, learn a trade, kick drug addiction, and one-day walk out a free man. Other changes in policy that I would suggest in both state and federal prison would first start with the correctional management staff ideology. In almost every state in the United States prison system operates with the idea that if a plan worked good one day why change it the next. In other words if the system is not broken why fix it. The correctional system is like any other field in our society reluctant to change even when it is long overdue. The hearts and minds of correctional professionals, is a start in the right direction. In the last 100 years, there has been very little difference in how our prisons are operated this needs to change. Just because it was successful in 1950 does not mean it is for 2011. During this course of study, I do not think that there is no definite reason people become criminals. It is hard for me to think that individuals are merely born criminals and its is beyond that person control to do otherwise. I think that some people just take up criminal activity because the lifestyle and danger of being caught appeals to their behavior. Others might do strictly for financial gains that might override any rational thought. Some because of their environment see it as easy ticket out of poverty in which he or she grew up. The list could go on with no simple answer. However, I am confident that if the majority of our society were taught at an early age that criminal behavior is a no win scenario that will only led them to a life in prison.

Tao of Pooh Start Essay Example

Tao of Pooh Start Essay Example Tao of Pooh Start Paper Tao of Pooh Start Paper The Tao of Pooh Essay In The Tao of Pooh, Benjamin Hoff, the author is explaining Taoism to people who do not know what it is, using a classic childhood story, Winnie the Pooh. Hoff observes every character from the childhood story and finding Pooh to be the best for all. The main and first thing talked about in the story is what Taoism believes as the uncarved block, Hoff which then says it is everything in its simplest form. Pooh represents the uncarved block because he in his self is simplistic. Pooh is always calm, and relaxed nd doesnt stress about anything, well except his honey of course. The concept of Wu Wei is a major concept in the book, where there is no struggle to doing something, for example you dont but the round peg in the square hole, or vice versa, because it is to put the round peg in the round hole. Wu Wei doesnt try, it Just does. One of the first major ideas in The Tao of Pooh is the uncarved block. When talking about the uncarved block, Pooh is the best example, and character chosen to be described, and describe the uncarved block. The uncarved block is everything being in its simplest form, and within simplicity has its own power. pooh is used to describe the uncarved block because he is simple. Pooh doesnt worry about much of anything, he doesnt over think, and he simple minded. Rabbit is used as the opposite as the uncarved block because he is always running around and is very busy because thats who he is. Expressing this is showing you miss many things in life being busy and trying to rush everything. With the topic of Rabbit, it shows how not to life live. As Pooh is The Uncarved Block, Rabbit is the exact opposite, which is the opposite of The Uncarved Block. Hoff is basically telling us doing as Rabbit does is not the way to live life. Rabbit is always rushing around and not taking the time to enjoy life. He is too busy trying to rush and missing so many things and opportunities and not taking any time for himself. Missing out on the little things in life can cause unhappiness and regret. Regret and Unhappiness is not what is suppose to happen in Taoism, because of the uncarved block. Tao of Pooh Start By kegger13

Tips on How to Meet all Important Harvard Outline Format Requirements

Tips on How to Meet all Important Harvard Outline Format Requirements School and college teachers often ask students to use the Harvard outline format (known as date-and-author referencing) to write their academic assignments. This type of your instructor’s request may shock you because you don’t understand standard Harvard outline format rules or guidelines. Search the Internet for general information. Find helpful tips or your guide on how to meet Harvard requirements. Writing the best referencing page that includes all sources can be a hard task to people, so you shouldn’t feel inadequate during this process. Before you apply standard Harvard outline format guidelines to your paper of any academic level, understand the important role that it plays. Why use it? Use this referencing style to indicate to people who read your university essay that you take specific ideas, facts, theories, quotes, or other materials from external resources. Don’t forget to point out their origins in a special section. Why is referencing important? Following Harvard outline format rules to the papers that students write in schools guarantees that they give credit or acknowledgments to all authors. It helps you avoid plagiarism, which is all about academic cheating. Harvard law outlines indicate that you should put enough effort into your chosen topic to come up with a good sentence structure and order. Acknowledging every source that you use in your essay is important. Correct references help you conduct your successful research and demonstrate your integrity. ORDER MY PAPER HERE 6 main rules to follow To create your perfect plan of academic assignments, you should follow these basic rules: Use in-text citations in proper sentences; Take notes of any information that you need to create your bibliography page; Use capitalizations only to write authors’ names in your special reference list; Record a full list of all the sources you use in your academic assignment; Use underlining or italics to note the titles of your sources (don’t use both options at once); There are no strict punctuation rules (you just should stay consistent). You can clearly see possible Harvard outline complexities above. This popular referencing system has some complex requirements that all students must meet to earn high grades and impress their tutors. Referencing your academic paper in this format doesn’t depend only on citing sources because you should also find relevant information about used sources. General guidelines to follow What Harvard outline guidelines should you follow? Every time you indent, you indicate a level of specificity (topics on the left are general, topics on the right are more specific). Every topic that you indent to the right of your heading should relate to the ones to the left to create the best essay plan. Alternate al letters and numbers (a few ones will work). In your Harvard outline, it’s necessary to use the following: Capital letters; Roman numerals; Lower case letters; Numbers; Lower case letters inside a parenthesis; Numbers inside a parenthesis. Teachers may ask you to use other formats in your academic paper. The main rule to follow is to stay clear or consistent while alternating different letters and numbers in your paper plan. You should carefully indent all of its levels to place headings correctly. Balance your specificity levels to get a clearer understanding of relationships or connections of the subject that you will write about. Don’t turn your Harvard outline into a simple list of points because it must be more complex and elaborated to help you write winning academic papers. PLACE YOUR ORDER Why should you make your good plan? Writing a good Harvard outline can help you achieve the following basic goals: Understand everything you read in relevant sources of information; Identify important connections in your researched materials; Find out more about your chosen topic; Complete academic assignments in a more organized manner. When to apply your Harvard outline? You should learn how to use this formatting style and apply it with your judgement because it’s best for: Students who prefer a clear organization that helps them write logical papers; Subjects that you can clearly organized based on their hierarchical levels; Communicating related information to your targeted audience effectively; Using phrases (not sentences) to write down major ideas for your future assignment. The key purpose of creating your essay plan is to get a brief and organized document to simplify the entire process and make it faster. Organize all facts logically and effectively with its help. Having a detailed plan of your future paper can help you organize all ideas and see where you should add more information or which ones don’t fit into your writing. If you use your Harvard outline to structure interesting thoughts, it will let you know where you require more data. Major gaps reflect a need for extra research. Ensure that your essay plan contains all the sections (introduction with your thesis, body paragraphs, and conclusion) necessary to provide readers with a smooth flow of ideas. Summing Up Before you start completing any academic assignment, read its detailed instructions to find out more about your teachers’ expectations linked to formatting and outlining. What if they ask you to create your outline based on Harvard rules? Use the above-mentioned tips to be guided in the right direction. If you find this academic task confusing or difficult, you shouldn’t feel upset because you can always rely on our quality custom paper writing services. Contact our qualified and trained specialists online. Entrust them all of your college worries because they’re ready to help you solve your problems 24 hours per day. We know how to help struggling students. Our online services are affordable, effective, and fast.

Authorization Definition - How Federal Agencies are Born

Authorization Definition - How Federal Agencies are Born Did you ever wonder how a federal program or agency came into being? Or why they theres a battle every year over whether they should receive taxpayer money for their operations? The answer is in the federal authorization process. An authorization is defined as a piece of  legislation that establishes or continues one or  more federal agencies or programs, according to the government. An authorization bill that become law either creates a new agency or program and then allows for it to be funded by taxpayer money. An authorization bill typically sets how much money those agencies and programs get, and how they should spend the money.   Authorization bills can create both permanent and temporary programs. Examples of permanent programs are Social Security and Medicare, which are often referred to as  entitlement programs.  Other programs that are not statutorily provided for on a permanent basis are funded annually or every few years as part of the appropriations process. So the creation of federal programs and agencies happens through the authorization process. And the existence of those programs and agencies is perpetuated through the appropriations process. Heres a closer look at the authorization process and the appropriation process.   Authorization Definition   Congress and the president establish programs through the authorization process. Congressional committees with jurisdiction over specific subject areas write the legislation. The term â€Å"authorization† is used because this type of legislation authorizes the expenditure of funds from the federal budget. An authorization may specify how much money should be spent on a program, but it does not actually set aside the money. The allocation of taxpayer money happens during the appropriations process. Many programs are authorized for a specific amount of time. The committees are supposed to review the programs before their expiration to determine how well they are working and whether they should continue to receive funding. Congress has, on occasion, created programs without funding them. In one of the most high-profile examples, the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No Child Left Behind† education bill  passed during the George W. Bush administration was an authorization bill that established a number of programs to improve the nation’s schools. It did not, however, say the federal  government  would  definitely spend money on the programs. An authorization bill is rather like a necessary hunting license for an appropriation rather than a guarantee, writes  Auburn University political scientist Paul Johnson.  No appropriation can be made for an unauthorized program, but even an authorized program may still die or be unable to perform all its assigned functions for lack of a sufficiently large appropriation of funds. Appropriations Definition In appropriations bills, Congress and the president state the amount of money that will be spent on federal programs during the next fiscal year.   In general, the appropriations process addresses the discretionary portion of the budget – spending ranging from national defense to food safety to education to federal employee salaries, but excludes mandatory spending, such as Medicare and Social Security, which is spent automatically according to formulas, says the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. There are 12 appropriations subcommittees in each house of Congress. They are divided among broad subject areas and each writes an annual appropriations measure. The 12 appropriations subcommittees in the House and Senate are: Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related AgenciesCommerce, Justice, Science, and Related AgenciesDefenseEnergy and Water DevelopmentFinancial Services and General GovernmentHomeland SecurityInterior, Environment, and Related AgenciesLabor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesLegislative BranchMilitary Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related AgenciesState, Foreign Operations, and Related ProgramsTransportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Sometimes programs dont get the necessary funding during the appropriations process even though theyve been authorized.  In perhaps the most glaring example, critics of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† education law  say that while Congress and the Bush administration created the program in the authorization process, they never adequately sought to fund them through the appropriations process.   It is possible for Congress and the president to authorize a program but not to follow through with funding for it. Problems With the Authorization and Appropriations System There are a couple of problems with the authorization and appropriations  process. First, Congress has failed to review and reauthorize many programs. But  it also has not let those programs expire. The House and Senate simply waive their rules and set aside money for the programs anyway. Second, the difference between authorizations and appropriations confuses most voters. Most people assume that if a program is created by the federal government  it is also funded. Thats wrong.   [This article was updated in July 2016 by U.S. Politics Expert Tom Murse.]